The Principle
Laszlo Kovacs (1933-2007) escaped Hungary during the 1956 revolution, smuggling out footage of the uprising that he and fellow cinematographer Vilmos Zsigmond had shot at great personal risk. He arrived in America with nothing but his talent and a deep European training in the craft of cinematography. Within a decade, he had become one of the defining visual voices of the New Hollywood movement, shooting Easy Rider (1969), Five Easy Pieces (1970), and a string of films that redefined what American cinema looked like.
Kovacs's great contribution was bringing a naturalistic, available-light sensibility to American filmmaking at a moment when the studio system's polished, controlled lighting was giving way to something rawer and more honest. He understood that the American landscape — its highways, diners, oil fields, small towns, and open skies — was itself a character, and he photographed it with a documentary eye that found beauty without sentimentalizing. His work on Easy Rider, shot largely with available light on real locations across the American Southwest, created a visual template for the road movie that endures to this day.
But Kovacs was no one-trick naturalist. Paper Moon (1973) demonstrated his mastery of black-and- white photography, evoking the look of Depression-era America with precision and warmth. Shampoo (1975) brought a sophisticated, sun-drenched quality to its satire of 1970s Los Angeles. And Ghostbusters (1984) proved he could handle large-scale effects-driven comedy while maintaining the warmth and naturalism that defined his style. Kovacs was, above all, a humanist — his camera loved faces, and his light loved skin. He made people look real and beautiful simultaneously, a balance that few cinematographers achieve.
Light
The Open Road — Available Light Naturalism
Easy Rider (1969, Dennis Hopper): Kovacs shot the iconic motorcycle journey across America using almost entirely available light — the sun, the sky, and whatever illumination the locations provided. The result is an image that feels like documentary footage elevated to poetry. The campfire scenes are lit by actual fire, faces emerging from darkness in warm, flickering orange. The desert riding sequences use the harsh midday sun and the golden light of late afternoon, shifting the emotional register from freedom to foreboding as the journey progresses. The New Orleans sequences, including the famous cemetery acid trip, use natural and available light in ways that feel hallucinatory — overexposure, lens flare, and the chaotic interplay of sunlight and shadow through the cemetery's stone architecture.
Window Light and Domestic Realism
Five Easy Pieces (1970, Bob Rafelson): The oil field sequences are shot under grey, overcast Pacific Northwest skies that make the industrial landscape feel oppressive and inescapable. When Bobby Dupea returns to his family's estate, Kovacs shifts to the softer, more refined light of the Puget Sound region — diffused daylight through large windows, the cool green light of the surrounding forest. Interior scenes use practicals and window light to create a naturalistic warmth that contrasts with the emotional coldness of the family dynamics. The diner scene — one of the most famous in American cinema — is lit with simple overhead fluorescents, flat and unglamorous, matching the banality of the setting.
Black-and-White Mastery
Paper Moon (1973, Peter Bogdanovich): Kovacs's black-and-white photography is a love letter to Depression-era America, evoking the look of Walker Evans and Dorothea Lange's photographs. He used the flat, bright Kansas sunlight to create high-contrast images with deep blacks and brilliant whites, giving the landscape a crisp, graphic quality. Faces are sculpted by hard, directional light that reveals every line and expression. The long driving sequences use the wide-open Kansas horizon and the graphic contrast of black car against white sky to create compositions of elegant simplicity.
Color
Natural palette, American tonality. Kovacs's color work is defined by fidelity to the natural world rather than imposed stylization. Easy Rider uses the full chromatic range of the American Southwest — red desert, blue sky, green forest — without filtration or manipulation. The colors are vivid because the landscape is vivid. Shampoo operates in the warm, sun-bleached palette of 1970s Los Angeles — golden skin tones, white light, the pale pastels of Beverly Hills interiors. Ghostbusters uses the warm tones of New York City brownstones and the cooler blues of nighttime exteriors, with the supernatural elements providing bursts of unnatural color (green, pink, white) that stand out against the naturalistic base. In all his color work, Kovacs prioritized warm, accurate skin tones — his faces glow with life regardless of the surrounding palette.
Composition
The figure in the American landscape. Kovacs composed with an instinct for the relationship between people and places. His wide shots in Easy Rider place the riders as small figures against vast Western landscapes, emphasizing both freedom and vulnerability. In Five Easy Pieces, he uses the industrial clutter of the oil fields to create frames that feel cramped and cluttered, contrasting with the open, airy compositions of the family estate. Paper Moon's compositions are deliberately classical — centered framing, strong horizon lines, balanced arrangements that echo Depression-era photography. His close-ups are intimate without being intrusive, typically shot on moderate telephoto lenses that flatten perspective slightly and create a sense of observing rather than invading. He rarely used extreme wide-angle lenses, preferring the natural perspective of 50mm to 85mm focal lengths.
Specifications
- Use available light as your primary source. The sun, the sky, practical fixtures, and
firelight. Supplement only when absolutely necessary, and when you do, make the addition invisible. The audience should never be aware of a lighting setup.
- Photograph the American landscape as a character. Wide shots should establish not just
geography but mood, social context, and emotional state. The landscape tells us who these people are and what their world feels like.
- Prioritize warm, accurate skin tones above all. Regardless of the surrounding palette or
lighting conditions, faces should feel alive, warm, and human. This is the foundation of naturalistic cinematography.
- Match the visual style to the social world of the characters. Harsh, flat light for working-
class environments. Soft, refined light for privileged spaces. The quality of light should reflect economic and emotional reality.
- Keep the camera unobtrusive. Moderate focal lengths, steady but not rigid framing, and
movement that follows action rather than imposing style. The goal is to make the audience forget they are watching a photographed image.