DIRECTING IN THE STYLE OF EDWARD YANG

The Principle

Edward Yang made films about cities — specifically about Taipei, the place where rural Taiwan became urban Taiwan, where traditional Chinese culture collided with Japanese colonial legacy and American consumer modernity, where millions of people were simultaneously building a new society and mourning the old one they had lost. But Yang's films are never merely about Taipei in the way that a documentary or a social-realist drama might be. They are about modernity itself — about what happens to human relationships, to family structures, to the interior life of individuals when a society transforms faster than its people can adapt. Taipei in Yang's cinema is both a specific place rendered with extraordinary topographic precision and a universal condition: the modern city as a space of possibility, alienation, and perpetual incompleteness.

Yang came to filmmaking from computer science and architecture, and both disciplines inform his cinematic thinking in fundamental ways. His films are structured with an engineer's attention to systems — not just the systems of narrative (though his plotting is intricate) but the systems of social organization that determine how people live, work, love, and fail. A Yang film maps a society the way an architect maps a building: showing how spaces connect, where traffic flows, where bottlenecks form, where the structure is sound and where it is failing. His frames are composed with architectural precision — clean lines, geometric relationships, the careful placement of figures within built environments — and his narratives are constructed with a similar rigor, every subplot connecting to every other, every character's trajectory intersecting with and illuminating the others.

The epic runtime that characterizes Yang's major works — A Brighter Summer Day runs nearly four hours, Yi Yi runs nearly three — is not self-indulgence but necessity. Yang's subject is not a single character's story but a society's story, told through the interlocking lives of dozens of characters whose individual dramas gain meaning only in relation to each other. To tell this story requires time: time for the ensemble to establish itself, time for connections between characters to become visible, time for the social patterns to emerge from the accumulation of individual moments. Yang's films reward patience not with dramatic payoff but with comprehension — the gradual, deepening understanding of how a social world works, how its parts relate, and where its fault lines run.

Taipei as Modern Condition

The City as Character

Yang's Taipei is not a backdrop but the film's primary subject, rendered with the specificity of a native and the analytical distance of a returned exile (Yang spent formative years studying in the United States). In Taipei Story (1985), the city is caught between its past as a smaller, more communal place and its future as a node in the global economy. Lon (Hou Hsiao-hsien), a former baseball star who now runs a fabric business, cannot adapt to the new Taipei of real estate speculation and corporate ambition. His girlfriend Chin (Tsai Chin) designs interiors for modern buildings she could never afford. The city's transformation is visible in every frame: construction sites, new highways, glass-fronted offices rising beside traditional shophouses. Yang shows this transformation not as progress or decline but as a condition — a state of permanent becoming that shapes every human relationship within it.

Architecture and Alienation

Yang's compositions frequently use the built environment to express emotional states. Glass walls and windows create barriers of transparency — characters can see each other but not reach each other. Corporate offices, with their fluorescent lighting and modular furniture, impose a uniformity on human interaction that Yang's camera registers as a kind of violence. In contrast, the traditional spaces of Yang's Taipei — the cramped apartments, the narrow alleys, the night market stalls — are shown as places where genuine connection remains possible, even as they are being demolished to make way for modernity. The architecture tells the story: as spaces become more open, rational, and designed, the human relationships within them become more constricted, irrational, and confused.

Day and Night

Yang's Taipei has two faces: the daytime city of work, obligation, and social performance, and the nighttime city of desire, violence, and truth. A Brighter Summer Day (1991) takes place largely at night — in the alleyways, movie studios, and hangouts where Taipei's teenage gangs operate — and the darkness is both literal and metaphorical. These young people, children of mainland Chinese families who fled to Taiwan after 1949, are growing up in a society that is itself in the dark about its future, its identity, and its relationship to the past. The film's title, taken from an Elvis Presley lyric, captures the longing for illumination — for a brighter summer day — that defines both the teenage characters and the society they inhabit.

The Ensemble as Society

Interlocking Lives

Yang's mature films employ large ensemble casts whose stories intersect, diverge, and reconnect in patterns that mirror the complexity of actual social networks. Yi Yi (2000) follows the Jian family — father NJ, mother Min-Min, teenage daughter Ting-Ting, eight-year-old son Yang-Yang, and the comatose grandmother who unites them — through a period of crisis and reflection. But the film's scope extends far beyond the family: NJ's business partners, his old girlfriend, Ting-Ting's neighbor and her boyfriend, Yang-Yang's school life, and numerous peripheral characters all receive attention and development. No subplot is more important than another. Each illuminates the others, and the whole is a portrait of a social world in which individual experience is always embedded in collective life.

No Protagonist, No Hierarchy

Yang resists the conventions of protagonist-driven narrative. In A Brighter Summer Day, the film's central figure, fourteen-year-old Si'r (Chang Chen), is surrounded by dozens of named characters — family members, classmates, gang members, teachers, neighbors — each with their own concerns, motivations, and stories that extend beyond the edges of the frame. The film gives significant screen time to Si'r's father, navigating political persecution; his mother, managing a household in poverty; his older siblings, pursuing their own paths; and the two rival gangs whose conflict provides the film's dramatic spine. Si'r is the entry point, not the subject. The subject is the world that produces him.

Parallelism and Rhyme

Yang structures his ensembles through parallelism: characters in different parts of the narrative face analogous situations, make contrasting choices, and arrive at divergent outcomes. In Yi Yi, NJ's midlife encounter with his old girlfriend mirrors his daughter Ting-Ting's first romantic experience — both are exploring the question of what might have been, of the roads not taken. Yang-Yang, the eight-year-old, photographs the backs of people's heads because "you can't see that yourself," and this childlike observation becomes the film's philosophical thesis: we cannot see our own lives clearly, and we need others to show us what we cannot see. These parallels are never forced or schematic; they emerge naturally from the ensemble's interlocking lives and accumulate meaning gradually.

Epic Runtime and Structural Architecture

Duration as Meaning

Yang's long runtimes are not the result of indecision or a refusal to cut. They are structural necessities dictated by the scope of his social canvas. A Brighter Summer Day's four-hour runtime allows Yang to establish the full ecology of 1960s Taipei — its schools, its gangs, its political climate, its generational conflicts, its cultural anxieties — with a density and completeness that a shorter film could not achieve. The film unfolds with the patience of a great novel, introducing characters and situations that seem peripheral but later prove essential, building a social world whose logic becomes visible only over time. The audience must invest time to receive the film's full reward, and this investment mirrors the investment of attention that genuine understanding requires.

Act Structure in the Epic Form

Despite their length, Yang's films are tightly structured. Yi Yi is organized around a series of life events — a wedding, a stroke, a birth, a funeral — that mark the passage of time and provide structural punctuation. A Brighter Summer Day moves through the school year, using the rhythm of semesters, exams, and holidays to organize its sprawling narrative. These structural frameworks give the audience orientation within the epic scope, creating the experience of time passing in a measured, purposeful way rather than drifting.

The Weight of Accumulation

Yang's dramatic method is accumulative rather than climactic. Individual scenes may seem unremarkable — a business meeting, a school recess, a family dinner, a walk through the city — but each adds a layer to the audience's understanding of the social world and the characters' positions within it. By the time a decisive event occurs — Si'r's act of violence in A Brighter Summer Day, NJ's decision in Yi Yi — the audience has absorbed enough context to feel the event's full weight and inevitability. The impact comes not from surprise but from comprehension: this is what this world produces, and we have been watching it take shape for hours.

Visual Style: Precision, Distance, and the Long Take

The Wide Shot as Social Portrait

Yang's default framing is the medium-wide or wide shot, placing characters within their environments rather than isolating them in close-up. This spatial relationship is crucial: in Yang's cinema, people are always products of their surroundings — the rooms they inhabit, the streets they walk, the buildings they work in. By keeping the environment visible, Yang ensures that the audience reads characters as social beings rather than isolated psychologies. When he does use close-ups, they carry exceptional force precisely because of their rarity — a face filling the frame in a Yang film is an event.

Geometric Composition

Yang composes his frames with architectural rigor. Horizontal and vertical lines — walls, doorways, windows, fences, railings — divide the image into zones, creating visual structures that mirror social structures. Characters are frequently separated within the frame by architectural elements: a glass wall between a man and the woman he cannot reach, a fence between two boys on opposite sides of a gang rivalry, a doorway that frames a domestic scene from the perspective of someone excluded from it. These compositions are never merely decorative; they are analytical, showing the audience how physical space organizes and constrains human interaction.

The Long Take and Social Choreography

Yang employs long takes not for meditative contemplation (as in Hou Hsiao-hsien's films) but for social choreography. His long takes capture group interactions in real time — the dynamics of a business meeting, the social maneuvering at a dinner party, the shifting alliances in a schoolyard — allowing the audience to observe how people behave in collective settings. The camera is typically static or moves minimally, framing the social space and letting the characters' movements within it tell the story. This approach gives Yang's ensemble scenes their distinctive quality of observed life: complex, multi-layered, and resistant to simple interpretation.

Youth, Violence, and Historical Memory

Adolescence as National Metaphor

A Brighter Summer Day uses teenage gang culture in 1960s Taipei as a lens for examining Taiwan's political and cultural identity crisis. The mainland Chinese families who fled to Taiwan after 1949 are caught between a homeland they can never return to and an island they have not fully claimed. Their children — born in Taiwan but raised in mainland nostalgia — inherit this displacement as a fundamental condition of their identity. The gangs that form among these teenagers are attempts to create belonging in a world that offers none, and the violence that erupts from them is the violence of rootlessness, of lives without stable ground.

The Eruption of Violence

Violence in Yang's cinema is rare but seismic. He builds tension through social observation — showing the pressures, frustrations, and misunderstandings that accumulate in a community — until the violence that erupts feels both shocking and inevitable. The climactic act of A Brighter Summer Day is preceded by nearly four hours of social context that makes it comprehensible without making it acceptable. Yang does not aestheticize violence or present it as catharsis. It is a failure — of communication, of social structures, of the ability to imagine alternatives — and the film's long, careful construction ensures that the audience understands exactly what has failed.

Writing/Directing Specifications

1. 1.Use the city as the film's primary subject and organize the narrative as urban cartography. The specific geography of the setting — its architecture, its neighborhoods, its daily rhythms, its economic zones — should be rendered with documentary precision and used to structure the narrative. Characters should be products of their urban environment, and the camera should show how the built world shapes human possibility.

1. 1.Construct ensemble narratives with no hierarchy among storylines. Multiple characters and families should receive roughly equal attention, their stories intersecting and illuminating each other through parallelism and contrast. Resist the convention of a single protagonist. The subject is the social world, not any individual within it. Every subplot should connect to the others thematically even when the characters never meet.

1. 1.Allow the runtime to expand to accommodate the social canvas. Do not compress complex social dynamics into conventional feature length. If the story requires three or four hours to establish its full ecology of characters, relationships, and social forces, give it that time. The audience's investment of duration should be rewarded with a depth of understanding that shorter narratives cannot achieve.

1. 1.Compose frames with architectural precision, using the built environment to express social relationships. Glass walls, fences, doorways, and partitions should divide the frame into zones that mirror social divisions. Place characters within environments rather than isolating them. Use wide and medium-wide shots as the default framing, reserving close-ups for moments of exceptional emotional intensity.

1. 1.Employ long takes for scenes of social interaction, allowing group dynamics to unfold in real time. Business meetings, family dinners, school recesses, and social gatherings should be captured in extended takes that let the audience observe the choreography of collective behavior — who speaks, who listens, who is excluded, who dominates, who retreats. The camera should be a patient, analytical observer.

1. 1.Structure the narrative through parallelism, with characters in different storylines facing analogous situations. A teenager's first love should rhyme with a middle-aged man's encounter with an old flame. A business negotiation should mirror a domestic argument. These parallels should emerge naturally from the ensemble's interlocking lives rather than being imposed through schematic structure.

1. 1.Use the contrast between daytime and nighttime spaces to explore the gap between social performance and emotional truth. Daytime scenes — offices, schools, public spaces — should show characters performing their social roles. Nighttime scenes — alleys, bars, private spaces — should reveal what the daytime conceals: desire, violence, vulnerability, and the truth of relationships that cannot be expressed in sanctioned spaces.

1. 1.Embed individual stories within historical and political contexts without making the context didactic. The pressures of national history, economic transformation, political repression, and cultural displacement should be felt in the characters' lives without being explained through expository dialogue. The audience should sense that these personal stories are shaped by forces larger than any individual, even when those forces remain in the background.

1. 1.Build toward decisive moments through hours of accumulated social observation rather than conventional dramatic escalation. The climactic event should feel both shocking and inevitable — shocking because of its specificity, inevitable because of the social conditions the film has painstakingly established. Violence, when it occurs, should be the product of systems rather than individuals, and the film's long construction should ensure the audience understands exactly what has failed.

1. 1.End with a recognition scene — a moment when a character sees their life clearly, however briefly. The ending should not resolve the social conditions the film has analyzed but should offer a moment of personal clarity within those conditions. Yang-Yang's photographs of the backs of people's heads, NJ's quiet acceptance of his unlived life, Si'r's devastating final act — each ending crystallizes the film's themes in a single human gesture that acknowledges both the desire for understanding and the impossibility of complete self-knowledge.