HIROKAZU KORE EDA

The Principle

Hirokazu Kore-eda asks one question, film after film, with inexhaustible patience and subtlety: what makes a family? Not the legal definition, not the biological fact, but the lived reality — the daily accumulation of meals shared, arguments absorbed, silences negotiated, and small kindnesses performed that transforms a group of people into something more than the sum of its members. His answer, consistently, is that family is made not by blood but by choice, attention, and the willingness to be present for another person's life. This is a radical position in cultures that privilege biological kinship, and Kore-eda explores it with a gentleness that makes its radicalism easy to miss but impossible to forget.

Kore-eda came to fiction filmmaking from documentary, and the documentary impulse has never left his work. His camera observes rather than directs. His actors — especially children — behave rather than perform. His narratives unfold through the accumulation of small, precisely observed moments rather than through dramatic plot machinery. A family gathering in Still Walking is not structured around a confrontation or a revelation but around the texture of a day: cooking, eating, talking, remembering, avoiding certain subjects, accidentally saying the wrong thing. The drama is not in what happens but in what is felt — the undercurrents of guilt, grief, resentment, and love that flow beneath the surface of ordinary interaction.

The comparison to Yasujiro Ozu is inevitable and largely accurate, but Kore-eda's sensibility has a crucial distinction. Where Ozu's families are dissolving — the parent losing the child to marriage, the old order yielding to the new — Kore-eda's families are forming. They are improvised, unconventional, sometimes illegal (as in Shoplifters), and always defined by the active decision to care for someone who is not, by conventional standards, yours to care for. Ozu mourns the family that was. Kore-eda celebrates the family that could be, while acknowledging that these improvised kinship structures are fragile, impermanent, and vulnerable to the very legal and social systems that fail to provide what they replace.

The Absence That Shapes

Structuring Around What Is Missing

Kore-eda's narratives are shaped by absences — a dead child, a missing parent, a lost connection — that are never directly shown but whose gravitational pull organizes everything around them. In Still Walking (2008), the family gathers to commemorate the anniversary of an eldest son's drowning, and the dead son is the most present character in the film. Every conversation circles around him. Every room contains his absence. The surviving son, who became an art restorer rather than a doctor, lives in the shadow of a brother who can never be surpassed because he can never disappoint. Kore-eda never shows the drowning, never dramatizes the grief in conventional terms. Instead, he shows how loss has been metabolized into the family's daily life — how it shapes what is said and not said, what is cooked and served, how chairs are arranged around a table.

The Ghost of the Parent

In Nobody Knows (2004), four children are abandoned by their mother in a Tokyo apartment. The film follows their gradual, quiet deterioration — not as melodrama but as documentary-like observation of children adapting to an impossible situation. The mother appears briefly at the beginning and once more partway through; the rest of the film is her absence made visible in the children's increasingly threadbare routines. Kore-eda films the children with devastating patience: their games, their attempts to maintain normalcy, their slow understanding that normalcy has ended. The film's power comes from the gap between what children need and what they receive — a gap the camera records but does not editorialize.

Memory as Presence

After Life (1998), one of Kore-eda's earliest fiction films, is structured entirely around absence and memory. Recently deceased people must choose one memory to take with them into eternity; all other memories will be erased. The film stages the process of choosing — interviews, discussions, and finally the recreation of the chosen memory on a low-budget film set — as a meditation on what makes a life meaningful. The memories chosen are almost never dramatic events but small sensory experiences: a breeze, a red dress, a cherry blossom, sitting on a bench. Kore-eda suggests that the essence of life is found not in its narrative arc but in its moments of simple presence.

Children as Natural Actors

The Documentary Method with Young Performers

Kore-eda's direction of children is among the most remarkable achievements in contemporary cinema. In Nobody Knows, the child actors (particularly Yuya Yagira, who won Best Actor at Cannes at age fourteen) deliver performances of astonishing naturalism that blur the line between acting and being. Kore-eda achieves this through methods drawn from his documentary background: he does not give children scripted dialogue but describes situations and lets them respond. He shoots long takes that allow children to settle into scenes and forget the camera. He creates play environments on set where the emotional dynamics of the scene develop organically.

Observing Rather Than Directing

In Like Father Like Son (2013), two families discover that their six-year-old sons were switched at birth in the hospital. The film's central question — should the boys be returned to their biological parents? — is answered not through adult debate but through the camera's observation of how the children behave. The sensitive, artistic boy raised by the wealthy, disciplined father is clearly his adoptive father's child in every way that matters, and the camera shows this through small moments: how the boy takes photographs, how he interacts with his mother, how he flinches at his biological father's roughness. Kore-eda trusts the audience to read these moments without underscoring them, and he trusts his young actors to produce them without explicit direction.

The Child's Perspective

Kore-eda frequently adopts the child's point of view — not through literal camera placement but through narrative emphasis. In his films, the events adults consider important (career decisions, legal proceedings, social judgments) recede into background, while the events children consider important (a trip to the convenience store, a game with a sibling, a birthday cake) come to the foreground. This inversion of adult priorities is both a formal strategy and a moral argument: children know what matters, and what matters is presence, attention, and the small rituals that constitute care.

What Makes a Family: The Central Question

Blood vs. Choice

Like Father Like Son dramatizes the conflict between biological and social kinship with extraordinary nuance. The wealthy father, Ryota (Masaharu Fukuyama), initially insists on reclaiming his biological son, treating parenthood as a matter of property and genetic inheritance. The working-class father, Yudai (Lily Franky), offers a different model: parenthood as daily practice, as being present, as playing with your children rather than providing for them. Kore-eda does not simply favor one model over the other — both men love their sons, both are flawed fathers — but the film's sympathies clearly lie with the idea that family is made through time, attention, and the accumulation of shared experience rather than through blood.

The Illegal Family

Shoplifters (2018) pushes this question to its most provocative extreme. A group of people living together in a cramped Tokyo house — an elderly woman, a middle-aged couple, a young woman, a boy — are not related by blood. They are connected by circumstance, mutual need, and what appears to be genuine affection. They also survive through petty theft. When they take in a neglected five-year-old girl from a neighboring apartment, they complete their improvised family unit while committing what the law would call kidnapping. Kore-eda forces the audience to confront a contradiction: these people are criminals, and they are also the most functional, loving family in the film. The biological families — the girl's abusive parents, the boy's absent mother — have failed where this makeshift kinship succeeds.

The Grandmother's House

Still Walking is Kore-eda's most Ozu-like film and his most concentrated study of biological family as a site of both sustenance and damage. Over a single day, the Yokoyama family gathers at the elderly parents' home, and the textures of decades of shared life emerge through cooking, eating, conversation, and silence. The mother (Kirin Kiki) is simultaneously the warm center of the family and its most emotionally manipulative member — her annual invitation of the boy who was rescued by her dead son is a ritual of passive-aggressive grief that no one can challenge. Kore-eda shows that biological families carry damage as well as love, and that the two are often inextricable.

Documentary Sensibility in Fiction

The Handheld Gaze

Kore-eda's camera work favors a handheld intimacy that feels observational rather than composed. The camera often finds its subject mid-action, as if catching a moment already in progress. It holds on faces a beat longer than narrative necessity requires, allowing the audience to read expressions, to notice the slight shifts that reveal internal states. This documentary gaze gives Kore-eda's fiction films a quality of found life — as if the camera stumbled upon these people and decided to stay.

Natural Light and Real Spaces

Kore-eda shoots in real locations whenever possible — actual apartments, real streets, functioning shops — and uses natural light supplemented minimally. The interiors of his films have the dimness and clutter of actual lived-in spaces. Food is real food, cooked on camera. The physical texture of daily life — the weight of grocery bags, the steam from a rice cooker, the clutter of a child's room — is captured with documentary specificity. This material reality grounds the emotional narratives in a physical world that the audience can feel.

Improvisation Within Structure

While Kore-eda writes detailed screenplays, he leaves significant space for improvisation during shooting, particularly in scenes involving meals, conversations, and children. The screenplays provide structure — the shape of a scene, the emotional trajectory, the key information that must emerge — but the specific words, gestures, and timing are often discovered on set. This combination of preparation and spontaneity gives Kore-eda's films their characteristic quality of scripted naturalness: every scene feels both inevitable and accidental.

Meals, Rituals, and the Architecture of Care

Cooking as Cinema

Kore-eda films the preparation and consumption of food with extraordinary attention. In Still Walking, the making of corn tempura — the grandmother's recipe, prepared by the family together — is a scene of remarkable richness. The specifics of the cooking process are shown in detail: the cutting, the batter, the frying. But the scene is simultaneously about the family dynamics that emerge during collective labor: who leads, who follows, who is excluded, who remembers the right way to do it. Food in Kore-eda's cinema is never merely sustenance. It is the primary medium through which care, tradition, memory, and social relationship are expressed.

Small Rituals

Beyond meals, Kore-eda's films are attentive to the small rituals that structure domestic life: bathing a child, folding laundry, walking to school, buying groceries. These routines are not background to the drama; they are the drama. In Shoplifters, the family's evening routine — eating together, bathing, sleeping in close quarters — is shown with a tenderness that makes their eventual separation by the authorities genuinely heartbreaking. The audience does not mourn an abstract idea of family; they mourn these specific shared moments, these particular habits of care.

Writing/Directing Specifications

1. 1.Structure the narrative around an absence that shapes everything. A missing person, a dead family member, a lost connection should organize the emotional architecture of the story without being dramatized directly. Show how the living characters have absorbed this absence into their daily routines, their patterns of speech, their ways of occupying space. The absence should be felt in every scene without being explicitly discussed in most of them.

1. 1.Define family through practice rather than biology. The characters who function as a family unit may or may not be related by blood. What binds them is the daily accumulation of shared meals, shared space, shared routines, and the willingness to notice and respond to each other's needs. Biological kinship should be shown as neither sufficient nor necessary for genuine familial connection.

1. 1.Direct children through environment rather than instruction. Do not give young performers scripted dialogue or specific blocking. Instead, describe the situation, create the emotional conditions, and let children respond naturally. Shoot long takes that allow children to forget they are being filmed. Prioritize genuine behavior over polished performance. The child's authentic reaction is always more valuable than the scripted one.

1. 1.Use a handheld, observational camera style. The camera should feel like an attentive guest — present, watching, but not intruding. Favor medium shots that capture both the character and their environment. Hold on faces longer than narrative efficiency requires. Allow the camera to find subjects as if discovering them, rather than presenting them with compositional formality.

1. 1.Film the preparation and consumption of food with documentary precision. Cooking scenes should show the actual process — cutting, seasoning, frying, plating — and use the collective labor of food preparation to reveal family dynamics. Meals should be moments of social truth where what is said and not said, who sits where, and who serves whom communicate the deep structure of relationships.

1. 1.Accumulate small, precisely observed moments rather than building toward dramatic climaxes. The emotional power should arise from accretion — the gradual building of detail, routine, and small interaction until the weight of ordinary life becomes extraordinary. Avoid conventional plot escalation. The most powerful moments should be the quietest: a glance, a pause, a hand withdrawn.

1. 1.Show the gap between what institutions provide and what people need. Legal systems, social services, schools, and hospitals should be present in the background as structures that fail to account for the complexity of actual human arrangements. The improvised family is always vulnerable to institutional intervention, and this vulnerability should create quiet, persistent tension without being the primary dramatic engine.

1. 1.Use natural light and real locations to ground emotional narratives in physical specificity. Shoot in actual apartments, real streets, functioning kitchens. Let the clutter, dimness, and texture of lived-in spaces communicate economic reality and social position. The physical world should feel weighted and real, not art-directed for visual pleasure.

1. 1.Allow improvisation within carefully prepared structural frameworks. Write detailed screenplays that establish the shape, trajectory, and essential information of each scene, but leave the specific language and timing open to discovery during shooting. The final film should feel both structured and spontaneous — every scene arriving at its destination through a path that seems natural rather than predetermined.

1. 1.End with an image of impermanent togetherness. The final sequence should show the family — however it is constituted — in a moment of connection that the audience knows cannot last. The ending should be warm but tinged with the knowledge that these arrangements are fragile, that the forces arrayed against unconventional kinship are powerful, and that what has been built through daily practice can be dismantled by a single institutional decision. The beauty of the family is inseparable from its vulnerability.